Compost is the most economical, sustainable, and practical fertilizer. Composting saves you money and helps the environment by cutting down on waste and chemical run-off. Compost enriches your garden with natural ingredients and reduces the needs for costly chemical fertilizers which leach mineral salts into the ground water, polluting rivers and streams.

Years ago, before I composted, I used to look at all those giant plastic bags of leaves lining the streets and think - what a waste. Now, not only do I never send my leaves to the dump, I take my neighbors' leaves as well. I love the idea that rubbish can be so useful.

Composting is an ancient practice used in Mesopotamia before the time of Moses. Biblical references mention compost as do Greek and Roman writings. Old manuscripts suggest the use of ashes, straw, chaff, crushed bone and waste wool. Some historians believe that the blood of animal sacrifices was used in compost piles.

Early American colonials learned from indigenous Americans to plant one fish for every corn plant. They later used river bottom soil and muck mixed with manure. People in the south used cottonseed meal. Manure was easily procured then, in an agrarian society.

Albert Howard, the father of the modern organic method learned the sandwich style layering technique while in India. He then discovered, by experimentation that the most productive compost heap consisted of 3 times as much plant matter as manure. Indeed, the organic movement grew from compost! In 1942, J. Rodale, pioneer of the organic movement, used Howard's ideas and added knowledge with further experiments like adding rock powder and shredding materials for speed of decomposition.

To compost is to use the natural process of decay in a beneficial manner and enrich your garden soil. Organic matter is broken down by microorganisms, rendering yard waste and other materials into nutrient rich fertilizer. Bacteria and other microbes consume the organic matter. That process of obtaining food and producing waste breaks down the materials in the pile, leaving you with a dark, rich, crumbly compost. Compost improves the texture of sandy soil and clay soil as well as the fill dirt often used by developers.

Understanding the science of composting is not really nessessary. Many people use a computor in a productive manner without fully understanding the scientific technology of the process. so too, you can compost properly if yo follow a few rules and gain some basic knowledge of composting.

Organic matter used in composting is often referred to as green matter (grass clippings and other plant materials such as garden trimmings and weeds), mold (dead leaves), and brown matter (manure).

Smaller yards make a large compost pile difficult to manage. some communities forbid compost piles. You may not have room for a large pile of garden debris and manure. but small gardeners can create manageable compost piles. It's best to locate your compost pile or bin in a sunny, out of the way area.

• Build a small sized compost area with discarded wooden pallets.

• Create an area by shoving 4 metal poles into the ground. Place extra poles between them, leaving one side open or hinged with wire. Wrap the area with chicken wire and fasten to the poles.

• Purchase a manufactured compost bin with slats in the sides for air. Make sure there are openings at the bottom as well.

• Make a small bin out of a plastic container or plastic or metal trash can. Drill holes in the side for aeration.

• Commercial compost bins shaped like giant balls are convenient to move around both for mixing the compost and moving the finished compost to the area when you want to spread it.
  

In an urban or suburban setting, do not use fruit or vegetable parings as they can draw rats and create a stench. Never use meat products.

• Grass clippings

• Leaves. Full sized leaves take a long time to break down. In fall, run a lawn mower over a pile of leaves starting at the edges, a little at a time to chop the leaves into smaller pieces. You'll be surprised to see how that huge pile is reduced. that's when it's time to raid the neighbors' trash.

• Shredded newspaper, torn or put through a shredder breaks down remarkalby fast. Do not use colored inserts or magazines.

• Vacuum cleaner dirt.

• Dryer lint.

• Food garbage. Coffee grounds, torn up tea bags, tea leaves, peanut shells, and rinsed and crushed egg shells.

• Hair. If you cut the family's hair at home, toss it into the pile.

• Plant debris from commercial tree trimmers. When they come through your neighborhood, cut down or trim trees and put them through that giant grinder - ask if you can have some. Cart home in a wheelbarrow, trash can, garden cart, or your little red wagon. (This stuff really smells great and using the trimmings can assuage feelings of horror when they chop down the trees.)

• Top soil left over from digging a hole or planting something.

• Sawdust and wood shavings.

• Wood ash from the fireplace. (Never use ash from charcoal as it carries heavy metals.)

• Manure. so many people now shop at farmers' markets, ask a farmer if you can stop by and pick up some manure. Horse, cow, and chicken manure are best. Never use dog, cat, or human fecal matter.

• Commercial packaged dried manure or blood meal.

• Bone meal, cottonseed meal, pulverized limestone, and phosphate rock.

• Worms. While digging around in your garden, if you find worms put them in the compost. You can also add left over bait worms. You can even buy worms online or from gardening catalogues.
  

A good time to start a new compost pile is in spring as you have so many garden trimmings throughout the summer and fall.

The base of the pile should be loose brush or plant trimmings - something that will not compact.

Layer the components, repeating layers. Manure will increase the temperature of the pile. If you can't locate manure - bone-meal, cottonseed meal, dried manure, pulverized limestone, and phosphate rock work as a source of heat. When the compost heat up after a day or two, it kills weed seeds, harmful bacteria, and insects. Personally, I don't put weed seeds or roots into the compost pile in case it doesn't heat up enough. Some composters claim that you can dump weeds with seeds in a bucket of water for several days to 'drown' them.

Keep the compost pile damp (like a squeezed out sponge) not wet or soggy. Cover during rainy rainy days. A soggy pile encourages undesirable microorganisms due to the lack of oxygen. Optimum moisture encourages the beneficial microorganisms that break down the ingredients in the pile. If the pile is too dry, water it gently. A dry pile won't have the right amount of microbial activity to create compost. Dry compost encourages wood lice, ants, and other unwanted pests.

After the pile heats up, aerate it with a pitchfork. Dig down and turn it over often for quicker results. Allowing air into your compost pile ventilates it and is beneficial to the microorganisms that turn all that rubbish into compost.