There are many times in our lives that knowledge of basic first aid could come in handy. If you have children this is especially true. Nosebleeds, broken bones, and cuts can all be stabilized very quickly with some basic information. Most interventions are simple enough that a child can use them, however, it is beneficial for people to take a first-aid class through the Red Cross or their local community college. In most cases, the examples provided are temporary fixes and medical help should still be sought, whether it is the primary care physician, and urgent care clinic or the emergency room.

Nosebleeds

Nosebleeds can occur at any age for several reasons. Nasal dryness, high blood pressure and trauma are just a few causes of nosebleeds, which are also referred to as epistaxis. Usually the bleeding can be stopped quickly. First, pinch the bridge of the nose between the index finger and thumb with firm pressure and tilt the head forward. In the past, people were told to lean the head back, however doing so can cause blood to run into the throat and stomach causing nausea. Leaning forward will allow the blood and any loose clots to run out and prevent nausea and vomiting. If the pressure alone does not stop the bleeding, an ice pack can be applied to the bridge of the nose. This will cause the capillaries in the nose to constrict and should control the bleeding. Depending on the cause, further action will be taken by a physician to control the bleeding and address any underlying issues that could cause a recurrence (i.e. high blood pressure). If high blood pressure is the cause, it is imperative that treatment be sought, as high blood pressure can lead to stroke.

Broken Bones

Depending on the body part broken bones can be difficult to manage. In most cases, if a fracture is suspected, it is best to call 911. There are several different types of fractures. A closed fracture is indicated by swelling, deformity and point tenderness. Some closed fractures, usually in children, are called "greenstick" fractures. This occurs when the break does not go all the way through the bone. Open fractures are fractures where the broken area of the bone punctures the skin and is visible. Fingers and toes are the easiest to deal wtih. If a finger or toe is fractured, not much can be done. They can be splinted by using medical tape to tape the injured finger or toe to its' neighbor. An ice pack wrapped in a thin towel and applied to the injured area will help reduce swelling. Fractures in larger bones are more difficult to manage. It is important to move the limb as little as possible. Damage to blood vessels, nerves and tissues can occur when the broken ends of the bone move against them. If you have been trained to apply splints, splint the injured limb. If not, apply an ice pack wrapped in a thin towel to the area to reduce swelling. It is important to seek further medical attention for this type of injury, as further damage can occur and the bones are likely to heal improperly if not treated, causing further problems.

Sprains

A sprain is an injury to the ligaments that connect the bones in joints. Sprains can be treated using the acronym R.I.C.E. Rest the limb and try to avoid movement. Do not put pressure on an ankle or knee. This will prevent further injury to the limb. Apply an ice pack wrapped in a light towel to reduce swelling. Apply an elastic bandage to the limb to compress the area. Neoprene sleeves are also good to use. Elevate the limb to alleviate swelling. For arm injuries, a sling may be used to prevent extra movement and further injury.

Burns/Sunburns

Burns have the potential to be serious, and with the exception of sunburns, should always be evaluated by a physician. In the case of burns involving the hands, feet, face and genital area, There are three classifications of burns. First degree burns are generally classified by a reddening of the skin with pain and swelling. Second degree burns are classified by red and splotchy-looking skin with blisters. The burn has moved through the epidermis to the dermis. Second-degree burns cause severe pain and swelling. Third degree burns are classified by blackened or charred skin, although they may also appear white and flaky. Third degree burns affect all layers of the skin, and sometimes can reach to the bone. These burns are often painless. Most first degree burns and second degree burns smaller than 3 inches that do not involve the hands, feet, face, genitals or major joints are considered minor burns. Burns in these areas and third degree burns are major burns and it is imperative to seek treatment quickly.

Minor burns can often be treated at home, however medical treatment should be sought to prevent infections in blistered areas or if complications arise. To treat minor burns, run cool water over the burned area to stop the burning process. Do not use ice, as it could cause further tissue damage. Do not use butter or other creams, as these will trap the heat and cause further burning. Drape sterile 4x4 cotton gauze over the area and wrap (not too tightly) with cotton roll gauze. If blisters arise, do not pop them. Doing so could lead to infection.

Major burns cannot be properly treated without medical attention. Call 911 and ensure that the victim is breathing and had a pulse. While awaiting help, do not remove burned clothing. Do not apply cool water to large areas. Elevate burned areas to reduce swelling. When elevating, try to keep them above the level of the heart. If possible, cover the burned area with cool/moist sterile bandage or clean cloth.

Cuts/Puncture Wounds

Cuts or lacerations can range from a small superficial wound to a deep cut that requires further treatment. If the cut is 1/4 inch deep or if fat or muscle is showing, it will most likely require stitches. In most cases the bleeding can be stopped fairly quickly. Using a clean cloth or sterile bandage, apply firm, gentle pressure to the wound for 20 to 30 minutes. Do not raise the cloth to see if it is still bleeding, as this may dislodge any clots that may have formed. If the wound continues to bleed, elevate it above the heart while continuing to apply pressure. If blood is spurting from the wound or continues to bleed after applying pressure, seek further medical assistance. For small wounds, after the bleeding is stopped, ensure that the wound is clean by rinsing with water. Once the wound is clean, apply an antibiotic ointment and cover with a bandage to prevent infection.

Many minor medical situations can be handled at home with some simple steps. However, if there is any question regarding severity or safety, contact emergency medical services as soon as possible. Prevention and education are key when it comes to your health.

Disclaimer

As usual, these are just a few of the types of injuries that may occur, and some tips for first line care. This information and advice is not intended to replace the services of a physician and is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.

^{Copyright 2009 K. Robinson}