Gingivitisis defined as the inflammation or swelling of the gum tissues — is the initial stage of gum disease and the easiest to treat. Buit as generally used, the term gingivitis refers to gingival inflammation induced by bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. Gingivitis is particularly likely to occur in people with diabetes, AIDS, or leukemia. People with a healthy periodontium (gums, bone and ligament) or people with gingivitis only require periodontal debridement every 6 months.

Pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and the onset of puberty increase the risk of gingivitis, due to hormonal changes that may increase the susceptibility of the gums or alter the composition of the dentogingival microflora. The risk of gingivitis is increased by misaligned teeth, the rough edges of fillings, and ill fitting or unclean dentures, bridges, and crowns. The drug phenytoin, birth control pills, and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth may also cause gingivitis.

The symptoms of gingivitis or gum disease are as follows:

• Swollen gums
• Mouth sores
• Bright-red, or purple gums
• Shiny gums
• Gums that are painless, except when pressure is applied
• Gums that bleed easily, even with gentle brushing, and especially when flossing.

It is recommended that a dental hygienist or dentist be seen after the signs of gingivitis appear. A dental hygienist or dentist will check for the symptoms of gingivitis, and may also examine the amount of plaque in the oral cavity. Strict oral hygiene must be maintained for your whole life or gingivitis will recur.

If gingivitis is not responsive to treatment, referral to a periodontist (a specialist in diseases of the gingiva and bone around teeth and dental implants) for further treatment may be necessary. Oral hygiene including proper brushing and flossing is required to prevent the recurrence of gingivitis.

Hypervitaminosis A, otherwise known as excess Vitamin A in the diet has also been linked to gingivitis in cats and dogs.