First of all a let me say this; fruit trees do not need to be pruned to produce fruit. The fruit production of a tree is a natural occurrence which ensures the survival of a tree. That means a gardener may choose not to prune and on that note why prune fruit trees at all? Non-pruned trees, especially young trees will crop they will grow branches galore and push through blooms year-by-year which in turn will become fruit but the competition for nutrition is higher and the fruit will be smaller. This however can eventually cause damage to the fruit tree and instead of having to send nutrition to limited sturdy branches that are strong enough to support the bounty of heavy large fruit it will sprout forth many thin little sucker branch-lets. These branch-lets could eventually carry fruit but of smaller then normal size and inferior taste. So the reason to prune a fruit tree is to have healthy strong trees which when given proper care will successfully produce great fruit crops for many years to come.

We also have to understand that it’s a proven fact that the ‘pruning process’ dwarfs trees, it reduces the total size of the tree. Let me explain that a bit better. The food-manufacturing mechanism of a tree is in its leaves. Cutting away some of the tree branches mean that the food productions or output of the "factory" is also reduced. This in turn obviously will also reduce the bearing area of a tree thus dwarfing the stature and production ability of the tree. This makes total sense as far as I’m concerned: any cut to a living organisms ‘body’ needs time to heal and will take strength away from its growth. And to prune a tree in the summer seems to have the greatest dwarfing effect. This is mainly because a tree has most of its yearly growing spurt during the heat of the summer.

Here in Canada and I think it's like this most anywhere that the best time to prune a fruit tree is early in the spring while the tree is still dormant and before the growth activities begin. The pruning wounds also heal the best at this time and it's also easier to see the buds to be able to work around them. As the tree is dormant (not pumping sap up from the roots) the cut wounds have a chance to dry up with the help of the cold and the wind and another good thing is also the absence of insects that could cause damage.

I'm a tool fanatic and it's all about having the right tool for the job. Over the years I learned that there is a tool made for every job, and tree pruning is not an exception. There is a large assortment of pruning tool available on the market. It will take time for you to find which tool will work the best for you. Whether or not you want to invest mega bucks into power tools really depends on the size of your "orchard". To prune two trees every year (as far as I'm concerned) doesn't warrant buying a 74cc 18"bar Husqvarna or Stihl chainsaw (sorry guys).For most jobs hand tools such as clippers, shears, knives, saw and pole pruners will do just fine.

The ideal pair of pruning shear or hand clipper is lightweight and makes clean cuts that can heal over quite easily. I own a couple of different sized ones and I carry one pair with me all the time when in the garden or yard. That way I'm able to snip off any suckers etc right away when I notice them. Personal preference will determine which kind of shears fit best into your hands. Long-handled lopping shears will give extra leverage to reach taller and thicker branches. Tree pruners, these are simply clippers mounted onto a pole end and activated by rope and springs, also come in handy for cutting those really high branches. And for larger tree limbs you will need a pruning saw which also comes in a variety of styles from curved to straight bladed etc.

A good rule of thumb that I learned from my Gramps is that a branch that is thicker then an inch in diameter needs to be cut with a saw.

Maintenance of tools: To keep most blades blades sharp use a whetstone or grindstone. Clippers need a drop of motor oil to keep them working smoothly. Unless you know the exact degree of the saw teeth its best to get the saw sharpened by a professional. For over-winter storage keep all your gardening and pruning tools clean, well oiled in a dry place.

Arms: The main branches or extensions of the trunk.

Bearing tree: A fruit tree that has reached the age where its ready of producing blossoms and fruit.

Bud: The slightly enlarged portion in the node region from which shoots grow.

Central leader: A type of pruning where the grower chooses one single strong trunk from which all side branches are allowed to grow.

Disbud: The selective removal of swollen flower buds or young shoots so that the remaining buds can grow bigger.

Dormant: Vegetation resting for a time period and not growing. (usually winter season)

Fruiting wood: Shoots or branches that are selected for their size and cut back and have the potential to bear the current year's crop.

Head: The part of the trunk or extension, above the first growing branches or arms.

Heading back: Cutting a portion of the terminal growth usually to control the size of the tree.

Internode. The portion of a shoot between two nodes.

Laterals. The side branches of a shoot.

Node. The joint on a shoot where buds and leaves are found.

Pinching. The removal of the growing tip of a shoot by pinching between thumb and finger.

Pruning. The removal of excess parts above ground.

Renewal spur. A spur that produces shoots for the next year's fruiting.

Shoots. The new growth that develops from buds during the growing season.

Spur: A short thick growth that produces flowers on apple, pear and cherry trees.

Stone fruit: Plums, peaches, apricots and cherries are most commonly know as stone fruit.

Suckers. Vigorous shoots growing from below the surface of the ground from the root stock.

Terminal bud: The bud at the end of the branch that extends the growth of the tree.

Thinning. The removal of flower clusters, immature fruit clusters, or their parts.

Training. The direction or form given to a young vine as it grows, usually by attaching it to a mechanical support.

Trunk. The main body or stem of a vine.

Vigor. The rate of growth of a vine part.

Watersprouts. Vigorous shoots growing from buds usually on the trunk or older branches.

a: => chop off suckers that originate from below-round

b: => chop off low growing branch-lets

c: => chop off branch-lets that want to compete with the dominant central leader

d: => chop off branch-lets that grow inward or rub against the trunk or other branches

To keep a tree healthy and productive to the ultimate these above mentioned sections are the most important to trim off even though it might feel like a shame to prune off healthy and good looking new growth.To do the job just right it's important to know when, in what season to prune, what to cut away, how much to cut away and how to do the cutting.

a: => this cut is the correct way of cutting

b: => this cut leaves too much cut surface (which will give diseases more chances to attack the tree)

c: => this cut is too close to the bud (the buds are fragile and can easily be damaged which in turn can make that area on the tree non-growing therefore non-productive)

d: => this cut leaves too much of a stub (which will rot away thus again leaving a bigger opening for diseases to enter the branch)

The main objective when pruning is to make clean cuts without leaving any stubs. A stub will rot and make the branch vulnerable to infections that eventually can spread throughout the rest of the tree.

As in the drawings either cut close to the main branch or just above the bud.

When cutting above a bud, make the cut just above a bud that grows in the direction in which you want the new growth to grow. (This tip is will come in handy and is especially important to remember when pruning an espaliered tree.)

A bud on the outside of the branch will grow out (which is preferable), one on the inside will grow in towards the center of the tree (which usually is not a desired direction except again on an espaliered tree).

rem: of the 4 branch combo drawing displayed above 'a' is the right way to prune off a branch-let.

• first remove dead, broken or diseased limbs

• next remove the suckers, water sprouts, crossing limbs

• next remove all other growth that doesn't let the air circulate within the tree (especially once in full foliage)

• next remove all the growth that appears to be crowding the other well established branches

Always work from the larger branches first then down to the finer cuts. Talking about cutting off larger limbs there is always a danger of the weight of the limb splitting before it is completely neatly and cleanly saw cut. (split damage can often leave the woody parts without bark therefore unprotected.) Use this three step method to prevent damage.

1) Make a cut sawing from the bottom up about a third of the way through the branch, 18-20 inches away from the tree trunk

2) Make the second cut from the top down 2-4 inches further out on the branch, this time cutting all the way through. The limb will break off but the jagged edge will go no-farther then the first cut.

3) Now you can cut the remaining stub almost flush and parallel to the tree trunk. This ensures that the tree bark doesn't loosen up near the wound and allow for moisture and bugs to go in-between the bark and the woody parts.

It is said that only cuts that are over 2 inches in diameter need to have a protective wound dressing. I disagree and I cover all cut with a bit of dressing. The main reason for using the protective goo is to keep moisture and bugs out. The ants and bugs I have in my neighbor hood are not picky and I'm almost positive they have not spent the time to read that section of the manual. The tub of protective goo, a commercial tree-paint preparation which contains an antiseptic, that I bought about 3-4 years ago came in a 2lbs size and cost less then 10 bucks. Even if I keep covering every wound and cut of the trees around me I think I should have enough for the next five years. The healing is much accelerated and even if the wound is treated right away I still give the larger cuts a repainting every fall and spring.

A young fruit tree when first transplanted should have a severe pruning all the way down to a mere whip. The second and third year very little pruning needs to be done, only the occassional sucker coming up from the root system and to bring it into the 'head shape' wanted. During the second and third year it's important to prevent bad crotches from happening, to keep a strong central leader and to make sure the tree doesn't become too heady (too wide) or too leggy(too thin and tall). Also over pruning at this time will delay fruiting. After the tree begins to bear fruit more pruning will be needed so that the branches stay well balanced around the whole of the trunk. Cutting back  and thinning out the lateral branches will keep fruit production to its ultimate.