Early in the 18^th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt’s New Kingdom, one of pharaoh’s architects, a government official called Ineni, broke away from hundreds of years of royal tradition and dug the first royal rock cut tomb in a remote, lonely valley ‘alone, no one seeing and no one hearing’. Before this time the pharaohs had been buried in above-ground structures, called mastabas and pyramids, and the larger and more visible they were the better.

We will never know for sure what led to this breaking away from tradition, but it may have been due to the fact that it did not matter how big or solid the structure was, these above-ground tombs were almost inevitably penetrated by tomb robbers and the rich contents of the burial chamber stolen and the mummy of the king ripped apart and destroyed to find the precious amulets and jewellery that were hidden in the wrappings.

To date sixty three tombs have been found in the Valley of the Kings, although two new tomb entrances have been recently discovered. These are the tombs of pharaohs, queens, royal children and favoured officials, and are labelled numerically from KV1 to KV63. Some of these tombs are huge constructions reaching deep into the cliffs, elaborately carved and painted and some are little more than shallow pits scratched out of the rock.

The Valley of the Kings has been a tourist attraction since Roman times, as is attested to by the graffiti found in some of the tombs, and since the 19^th century has attracted visitors from all over the world. The spectacular discovery of the undisturbed tomb of Tutankhamen in 1921 increased the flood of visitors and it has been declared that there is nothing left to find in the royal valley.

This has been refuted in recent years by the discovery of KV63 and the two new tomb entrances, but with all the wealth of knowledge that we have about the valley, there is still a lot that we do not know and mysteries abound.

In 1907 Edward R Ayrton, working on the behest of Theodore M Davis, uncovered a set of steps and the entrance to a previously unknown tomb. There was excitement when the sloping passage was found to be filled with clean loose chippings and they encountered two blocking walls, one a wall plastered and bearing the unbroken seal of the Royal Valley – the impression of a seated jackal, the god Anubis on a shrine and the crouching figures of nine bound captives.

When the walls were demolished they found two side panels of a wooden shrine, covered in fine gold leaf and richly inscribed. They were in very poor condition, but the hieroglyphs could still be read; they had belonged to Queen Tiye, the Great Royal Wife of Amenophis III and the mother of the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten.  The end of the sloping passage led to a large, undecorated chamber containing further parts of the shrines, a battered mummy case and other objects apparently randomly strewn across the chambers’ floor.

All of these objects were also in very poor condition and the gold leaf fell to the floor as the air was disturbed.  Four canopic jars, with exquisitely carved portrait heads were found in a niche in the far wall, but the name of the owner had been deliberately destroyed.

On examination, they found that the golden coffin was collapsing onto the floor and contained a poorly preserved, albeit obviously royal, mummy with its left arm crossed over its chest and the right arm extended.  A gold vulture pectoral had been placed on the head of the mummy.  The mummy was unwrapped and examined in the tomb and sheets of gold removed, one with a cartouche on it thought to be that of Akhenaten.

There were also a couple of wooden boxes and their contents found on the floor of the chamber, four magic bricks, some seals bearing the name of Tutankhamen and other fragments of furniture.  The wooden objects had all been damaged by water entering the tomb.

Some of the confusion surrounding the tomb concerns the poor documentation of the objects in situ, the lack of work done on preserving the objects and the rapid clearing of the tomb.  But who had the tomb been prepared for?  Who was the decaying mummy in the battered coffin?  Theodore Davis was convinced that he had found the burial of the great queen Tiye and the once magnificent golden shrine had indeed been made for her by her son Akhenaten.  With one exception, the name of Akhenaten has been deliberately erased, and the images decorating the panels are of Akhenaten and Tiye worshipping the sun disc.  The way that the parts of the shrine have been stacked in the tomb, indicate that the shrine might have once been erected in the chamber and then later dismantled, probably in antiquity.

There is also evidence that the coffin had been made for a female occupant and later adapted for a male; there was a false beard, a crook and a flail added and the inscriptions were altered.  The titles of Akhenaten have been found on the coffin, and it is now believed that the coffin was originally made, along with the four canopic jars, for a lesser wife of his, Kiya, and then later adapted for him.

However, is the mummy really that of Akhenaten? Davis had the bones pronounced as those of a woman, but later examinations showed the bones belonging to a young male aged between twenty and thirty. The skull was found to be platycephalic and very similar to the skull of Tutankhamen. In addition, specialised blood tests showed that the mummy discovered in KV55 was either the father or brother of Tutankhamen. The age of the mummy is much too young to have been that of the heretic pharaoh, and so the body has been identified by many as that of Smenkhkare.

Smenkhkare was a shadowy figure who ruled Egypt for a scant three years after the death of Akhenaten. There are arguments that he was co-ruler with Akhenaten for a while, and even that Smenkhkare was a name assumed by Akhenaten’s wife Nefertiti, so that she could rule as pharaoh. He is generally believed to be the elder brother of Tutankhamen, and was married to Akhenaten’s eldest daughter Meritaten.

So what really happened in this tomb? Was KV55 a cache of miscellaneous funerary objects from the Amarna period that had been brought back from the royal necropolis at Akhetaten for safe keeping? Was the tomb the original burial of Queen Tiye, the tomb being opened in antiquity and the remains of the burial of Akhenaten placed in the tomb, and at some later stage the burial of Tiye removed elsewhere and the funerary objects of Akhenaten defaced and his name removed? Were the burials of Tiye, Akhenaten and Smenkhkare all in the tomb together at some stage?

Unless some new evidence is uncovered, we might never know. It is perhaps worth remembering that several of the funerary items, including one of the coffins, found in the burial of Tutankhamen are believed to have previously belonged to Smenkhkare. They were referred to as ‘heirlooms’ by Howard Carter, but would such costly items really have been excluded from Smenkhkare’s burial? Maybe they were not unused ‘heirlooms’ that had been put into storage at all, maybe they had once been part of Smenkhkare’s grave goods and had either been taken from KV55 directly or brought from a another location and briefly stored in KV55 before being used in the burial of Tutankhamen?

There is so much more evidence and knowledge still to emerge from the shifting sands of Egypt; hopefully some of it will help to shed more light on the riddle that is KV55.