Of the millions of sperm ejaculated during orgasm, merely about 200 manage to reach the ovum in the woman's fallopian tube and normally, only one really penetrates the egg to fertilize it. Low sperm count, also known as oligospermia, happens when the count is less than 20 million sperm per milliliter of semen. Other than sperm count, sperm quality and motility are also significant in the determination of male fertility.

Sperm Quality: In order for fertilization to take place, at least 60% of the sperm should be of a usual morphology. Typical sperm have an oval head and a long tail. Sperm with deformed heads or curled tails, or sometimes double tails, have poorer chances of fertilizing an egg.

Sperm Motility: The sperm's tail drives it forward. Sperm should have the aptitude to move and swim so that it can reach the egg. The probabilities of fertilization are better if at least 50% of the sperm have motility or forward movement.

Causes of low sperm count and poor sperm quality

• Stress: Anxieties and other psychological issues can lead the way to low sperm count • Heat exposure: Hot baths, saunas, exposure to high temperatures at work, tight clothing, fever, and even the use of laptops - all these cause testicular overheating which leads to lower sperm count and quality.
• Cycling: Exercises such as bicycling can raise scrotal temperature and also cause genital numbness
• Alcohol use: Ingestion of alcohol has been shown to decrease fertility
• Smoking: Smoking or chewing tobacco can bring about abnormal sperm morphology. It can also damage the sperm's DNA and cause fetal defects.
• Lubricants: Use of lubricants in intercourse can influence sperm motility.
• Recreational drugs: Extensive use of marijuana, cocaine, and opium can lower sperm count and quality and may cause erectile dysfunction

Ways to increase sperm count and quality

• Avoid extended use of laptops, hot baths, tight-fitting underpants, bicycling, and any repeated motion that can raise scrotal temperatures.
• Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse.
• Avoid lubricants.
• Avoid using deadly chemicals such as domestic cleaning products, or observe proper ventilation and use protective clothing and face masks when handling noxious chemicals.
• Reduce tension by meditation and entertainment.
• Work out regularly.
• Maintain a standard healthy body weight.
• Try herbal supplements and vitamins.