Scarlet fever also known as scarlatina is an acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sore throat, a diffuse skin rash, and later by scaling off, of the skin. The disease, which is common in children 10 years old and below, was an important cause of death prior to the 20^th century. Since then the incidence has declined markedly, and death is now rarely observed.

Causes: Scarlet fever is caused by group A streptococcus that produces erythrogenic toxin, that is, a toxin that produces a rash.

Spread of bacteria: Bacteria are spread by direct contact with infected persons by fluid from the mouth and nose. If an infected person is near you and he coughs or sneezes, you can get infected right away if your immune system is weak. If you touches something that the infected person touches like doorknobs you may also get infected.

Incubation Period: The time between exposure to infection and having symptoms is short, generally 2-5 days. Illness typically begins with a fever and sore throat. It may be accompanied by chills, vomiting, abdominal pain, and general weakness.

After 12 to 48 hours of developing symptoms, your child will then develop a red rash. The rash usually first appears on the neck, chest and groin area, then spreads over the body. The texture of the rash is more important than the appearance in confirming the diagnosis. The rash can last for over a week. As the rash fades, peeling of the skin may occur, and may last up to 6 weeks.

Other Symptoms:

• Headache and Fever of 38.3 °C or higher, often accompanied by chills
• Rash on neck and chest; the rash is rough and has a texture similar to sandpaper.
• Red line or Pastia's lines (dark, hyperpigmented areas on the skin, especially in skin creases).
• Swollen, red tongue, the tongue is often covered with a white coating.
• Enlarged glands in the neck (lymph nodes) that are tender to the touch.

Treatment: With proper antibiotic treatment, fever and other symptoms usually subside within a day. The child will no longer be contagious after being on an antibiotic for 24 hours. It is important for patient to take the full course of the prescribed antibiotic. Call your doctor if symptoms do not subside 24 hours after giving the patient antibiotic treatment, or if new symptoms develop.

Complications: Rheumatic fever, Ear infections, Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Meningitis, Joint problems like arthritis, Liver damage, Kidney damage