couses of spasticity:

Traumatic brain injury and Spinal cord injury:

· Direct Damage to Motor Cortex:
In common practice, direct damage to the motor cortex is most often due to an episode or prolonged occurrence of low oxygen [hypoxia] or low blood flow [ischemia] or both. Hypoxia (e.g., prenatal utero-placental insufficiency and perinatal asphyxia.), trauma, tumor, stroke, brain malformations, viral encephalitis.

· Injury to Corticospinal Tract in the Brain:
Periventricular leukomalacia (a form of cerebral palsy, probably caused by hypoxic-ischemic injury in premature newborns), tumor, stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS).

· Injury to Corticospinal Tract in the Spinal Cord:
Spinal cord traumatic injury, spinal tumor, epidural abscess, spina, multiple sclerosis, syringomyelia, spinal ischemia, venous thrombosis.

Spasticity is associated with some very common neurological disorders:

· Cerebral palsy

Most common cause of spasticity in children(SpasticType (75%)

Congenital or acquired chronic disorder that impairs control of movement.Spasticity related to CP results from improper development of or damage to motor areas of the brain. .

Spasticity in children is most commonly due to cerebral palsy (CP), and there are sets of spasticity syndromes or patterns that are well recognized. These include: .

o Spastic diplegia (both legs involved greater than arms).

o Hemiplegia (involves an arm and a leg on the same side of the body) .

o Double hemiplegia (both arms involved, more than legs) .

o Tetraplegia (all four limbs involved, usually severely)

• Strokes

Spasticity manifests as increased muscle tone, abnormal posture, hyperactive reflexes.

• Brain damage caused by lack of oxygen(Near-drowning)

· familial spastic paraparesis: (refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness of the legs.

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) (An autoimmune process that attacks the myelin sheath on nerves in the CNS).

Spasticity is a major cause of disability for patients with MS(nrr

• Some metabolic diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy, and phenylketonuria.