Michelangelo

Renowned Italian painter, sculptor and architect, whose genius was such a power in beautifying the churches of Rome and Florence. Was the last and in some respects the greatest of the Italian sculptors; while his large paintings, particularly "The Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel are no less famous.

Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet who dominated the last phase of the Renaissance. One of his first major works was the 'Pieta' (circa 1497-1500) in San Pietro, Rome - a beautiful carving of the dead Christ lying across the lap of a Virgin. Another statue, the gigantic 'David' (1501-1504) carved in Florence, depicts a flawless human figure vibrant with muscular power.

The intellectual movement in European cultural history that is traditionally seen as ending the Middle Ages and beginning modern times is known as the Renaissance. This period witnessed the greatest upward surge of the human spirit known to history. God "created man in His own image" and the Renaissance artists portrayed him so.

The Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century and flourished in Western Europe until about the 17th century.

The aim of Renaissance education was to produce produce the 'complete human being', conservant in the humanities, mathematics and science, the arts and crafts, and athletics and sports; to enlarge the bounds of learning and geographical knowledge; to encourage the growth of skepticism and free thought, and the study and imitation of Greek and Latin literature and art. The revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture inspired artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Durer, architects such as Brunelleschi and Alberti, writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio. Scientists and explorers proliferated as well.

The beginning of the Italian Renaissance is usually dated in the 14th century with the writers Petrarch and Boccaccio. The invention of printing (mid-15th century) and geographical discoveries helped spread the new spirit. Exploration by Europeans opened Africa, Asia and the New World to trade, colonization, and imperialism. Biblical criticism by the Dutch humanist Erasmus and others contributed to the Reformation, but the Counter-Reformation almost extinguished the movement in 16th century Italy.

Figures of the Renaissance include the politician Machiavelli, the poets Ariosto and Tasso, the philosopher Bruno, the physicist Galileo, and the artists Michelangelo, Cellini and Raphael in Italy, the writers Rabelais and Montaigne in France, Cervantes in Spain, and Camoens in Portugal; the astronomer Copernicus in Poland; and the politicians More and Bacon, and the writers Sidney, Marlowe and Shakespeare in England.

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