Who are the Charles and David Koch and What was Their Role in American Politics in the 21st Century?
Money & Influence
Introduction
Who are Charles and David Koch and what role did they play in American politics in the early part of the 21st Century?
TheSetting
In the Fall of 2013, the United States Government shutdown for nearly three weeks due to an impasse between the Republican (GOP) party-led House of Representatives and the Democratic party-led Senate. The impasse occurred because some members of the Republican party (associated with the Tea Party faction) in both the House of Representatives and the Senate refused to grant approval to a continuing budget resolution unless the President of the United States, Barack Obama, and Democrats in both chambers agreed to delay implementation of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (also know as Obamacare). These GOP members also vowed to reject an increase in the debt ceiling if the Affordable Care Act was not delayed and further budget cuts were not identified to help offset future federal budget deficits.
Meddlesome Campaign Donors?
Allegedly, one main reason why some Republicans refused to budge from their position was because of the displeasure of major campaign donors. According to op-eds in the New York Times and Washington Post, those major campaign donors threatened to fund opponents in upcoming mid-term elections and beyond if current House and Senate Republican members voted for the continuing budget resolution and the debt ceiling increase without the delay or all out demise of the Affordable Care Act. Two donors most prominently mentioned in those articles were the Koch Brothers of Koch Industries.
This hub briefly discusses who the Koch Brothers are and how they tried to impact American politics.
Charles and David Koch
Charles and David Koch, Co-Owners of Koch Industries
Charles and David Koch are co-owners of Koch Industries, the 2nd largest privately held company in the United States. Co-founded by Fred Koch in 1940, Koch Industries grew into a multinational conglomerate with subsidiaries working in manufacturing, trade, and investments. Companies affiliated with Koch include Georgia-Pacific, a pulp and paper company; Invista, the world's largest integrated fiber, intermediates, and resin enterprise; as well as Matador Cattle Company; Flint Hill Resources; Koch Pipeline; Koch Minerals; and Koch Fertilizer. In all Koch Industries employs around 55,000 people.
Charles and David Koch took possession of the conglomerate in 1983 after buying out the shares held by their other two brothers, Frederick and William. Each owns 42% of the company. As of March 2013, the two brothers' combined net worth was estimated at around $68 billion.
Charles and David Koch, Philanthropists
Like many corporate leaders with massive amounts of wealth, Charles and David Koch have chosen to give back to society in significant ways. Both have their own charitable foundations that give to various programs and causes. Columnist Matt Lewis of the Huffington Post highlighted the following list of charitable contributions made by the Koch brothers to arts, education, and medical research:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology: $139 million
Lincoln Center's NY State Theater: $100 million
Prostate Cancer Foundation: $41 million
Deerfield Academy: $68 million
New York-Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell: $15 million
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center: $25 million
The Hospital for Special Surgery: $26 million
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: $30 million
What Drives Prosperity?
Charles and David Koch, Activists for a Free Society
Both Charles and David Koch are avid believers in free societies, thus along with their other charitable giving, both have pledged and given funds to promote libertarian causes. Together they fund research and education programs that analyze how freedom causes prosperity and advances social progress.
According to Justin Torres (2008) of Philanthropy Roundtable, Charles Koch devised an integrated theory and practice that produced a management methodology called Market-Based Management (MBM) that is designed "to take what drives superior results in free societies and apply it to other realms, be they businesses or nonprofits, large or small." In a nutshell, Charles found from his research that the best promoter of prosperity in society is freedom.
Accordingly Charles wrote In his book The Science of Success:
[The greatest prosperity is found] “where property rights are clearly and properly defined and protected, people are free to speak, exchange, and contract, and prices are free to guide beneficial action. Allowing people the freedom to pursue their own interests, within beneficial rules of just conduct, is the best and only sustainable way to promote societal progress.”
Due to their staunch belief that prosperity is best found in the promotion of free societies, Charles and David Koch's philanthropic activity also focused on research, policy, and educational projects intended to advance free-market views. Recipients of their political activist funds include those organizations that they deem fit their philosophy of a free society and the limited role of government in such a society. Those organizations included Cato Institute (which they founded); Americans for Prosperity; The Heritage Foundation and its sister organization Heritage Action for America; and the Tea Party movement within the Republican Party.
The Commitment to Defund the Affordable Care Act
Given their research and subsequent philosophy that free societies are the best promoters of prosperity, the Koch brothers threw their financial weight in an attempt to have the Affordable Care Act rescinded. In essence, they deemed the new law an infringement on freedom by forcing American citizens to buy healthcare insurance coverage.
Running up to the 2012 election, they pledged up to $400 million to help mostly Republican congressional and presidential candidates (most prominently Tea Party members) who promised to work towards having the health care bill repealed. Then they attempted to interfere with the implementation of the new health care exchanges scheduled to open October 1, 2013 by threatening to pull financial support from any congressional candidate who voted for a continuing budget resolution that did not include at least a delay in the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. A number of those supported by Koch Brothers chose to heed their warning which resulted in the shutdown of the US Government from October 1 to October 18, 2013.
Working against Their Legacy?
Some Nagging Questions?
While the Koch Brothers may have found strong evidence for their political and social philosophy, a few questions arise concerning the means by which they (and others among the uber-rich) attempt to influence public policy and the future American political and social landscape.
Money as Free Speech and Power Donors on Both Sides
The most important round of related questions include: should a few people with high net worth be allowed to have so much influence on the American political landscape? Is the use of money equivalent to free speech as declared by the US Supreme Court in the landmark case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission? And is being allowed to use many to buy influence beneficial for democratic political systems and the resultant public policies. Is the ability to give large amounts of money compatible to a political system that is supposed to be by the people and for the people?
No doubt there are large gift donors supporting members of Congress on both sides of the aisle. For every Koch brother on the Republican side there seems to be another on the Democrat side; most prominently George Soros worth nearly $20 billion, some Silicon Valley notables, and numerous Hollywood stars and starlets including George Clooney. Yet, just because both sides have members of the uber rich supporting their causes, does that equate to balancing points of view or too much say in a country where the ideal is one person, one vote?
Can Money Buy Love in the Court of Public Opinion?
There is not doubt that money buys influence, but can it buy love and respect. That it can buy influence in politics was made most evident in the October 2013 Congressional debacle that led to the US Government shutdown. But, can throwing large amounts of cash buy love and respect in the court of public opinion? It does not seem so.
In the wake of the 2013 US Government shutdown, the Republicans who were allegedly financed by the Koch Brothers came out with egg on their face. In a USA Today lead story in late October 2013, Susan Page (2013) cited a USA Today/Princeton Survey Research Poll that found nearly 50% of those polled thought Congress as a whole would be better if incumbents were replaced in the 2014 mid-term elections. Moreover, 52% of Republican leaning voters said that Congress would be better off if Republican incumbent members were replaced. In the end it seems that too much money attempting to buy too much influence may manipulate the sentiments of representatives but only breeds frustration and skepticism among the American people.
Do Big Money Donors Attempting to Assert Too Much Influence Work against Their Legacies?
Perhaps, the Koch Brothers are right. Maybe, prosperity comes to more members of a society with relative economic freedom. Yet, even in the most righteous cause, can a man of "influence" force change? Or do big money donors attempting to assert too much influence with their wealth work against the legacies they hope to leave behind. No doubt that prosperity has come to more people in free societies than in restrictive societies. This is a truism that any observer of history will find with careful observation. And, there are few countries in the world where a man of color like Barack Obama could ascend to the highest office in the land. Yet attempting to force an agenda through money may not be the most effective way to gain long-term influence, even if one's cause is the most righteous of all.