Intro to College Chemistry

I am studying for my chemistry final and I thought making a lens about Intro to chemistry would help me remember and study the information and help others learn about it too.

In this lens I will talk about properties of matter, 3 origins of chemistry, Basics of Energy, as well as some other information.

Hope this helps.

Thank you very much for your support!!!

Matter is all the "stuff" that makes up the universe

*All matter is composed of some combination of elements.

Elements are something made purely of one substance.

These are shown on the periodic table.

Physicial Properties: The characteristics that a substance shows without an outside substance interacting with it.

Physical Change: An alter of its physical form but not its composition.

(ex. ice > water, water > water vapor)

Chemical Properties: The characteristics of a substance when interacting with other substances.

Chemical Reaction: When the original substance is converted into another substance through chemical interaction.

The Three States of Matter

Gas:A substance that conforms to the shape of a container but also fills the whole container.(It doesn't form a surface)

Liquid:A substance that conforms to the shape of a container but does not occupy more than its volume.

Solid: A substance with a fixed shape that does not conform to the shape of a container around it.

Potential Energy: The energy an object has due to its position. (ex. water behind a damn has high potential energy.)

Kinetic Energy:The energy an object has due to movement (ex. A waterfall has a high kinetic energy when gravity acts on the water to fall.)

Look at the section on Thermochemistry for more calculations with Energy!!

1) Alchemy:

What it is: Started in the 1st Century AD by the Greeks. Alchemists believed that materials found in nature naturally strive to become more perfect.

Benefits:

---Invention of devices used to distillate, percolate, and extract still used today.

---They also encouraged observation and experimentation.

2) Medicine:

What is it: In the 13th Century extracted roots, herbs and other plants were used medicinally. Later they introduced minerals drugs for treatments

Benefits:

---Created alliance between medicine and chemistry that exists today.

3) Technology:

What is it: Pottery, dyeing and Metallurgy contributed to understanding the properties of materials. They used introduced quantitative measurements to describe the materials and process for making the materials.

Benefits:

---Started asking questions about material properties.

---Started writing and calculating based on material properties.

What is the Scientific Method?

This is an guideline for conducting and testing a hypothesis in a objective, and verifiable way.

Step 1 Observation:

Observations are data collected through different means for use in a hypothesis testing. Often there is quantitative data that can be compared.

Step 2 Determine your Hypothesis:

Based on your observation you can now come up with an idea of what is happening or what will happen in an experiment.

Step 3 Experiment:

A clear set of steps that are used to test the hypothesis with experimentation. The hypothesis can be revised but the results of the experiment can not be changed.

Step 4 Model:

The formation of model or theory based on the findings of the experiment. These can be used to predict other experiments down the road and may be tested to calculate a need to revise the hypothesis. Even if something has been proven many many times it can always have a chance of being disproven through the scientific method.

These are the standard (SI Units) agreed upon units for each type of measurement in the scientific community.

measurement type ----------Unit name + Abbreviation

Mass-------------------------------- kilograms (kg)

Length------------------------------ meter (m)

Time-------------------------------- second (s)

Temp-------------------------------- kelvin (K)

E. Current--------------------------- ampere (A)

Amount of substance--------------- mole (mol)

Luminous Intensity----------------- candela (cd)

Cations = positive charge & Anions = negative charge

System: This is what we are interested in studying (ex. Chemicals, mixture, solution, etc...)

Surrounding: This is everything that is not a part of the system.

(ex. The room, a person, the beaker, tools used for measurement, etc...)

Energy = E

Change in E = Final Energy - Initial Energy

Change in H = Final Heat - Initial Heat

If the change in E < 0, then Final Energy < Initial Energy

If the change in E > 0, then Final Energy > Initial Energy

Both Heat and Work are a type of energy transfer

Heat = q

Work = w

Change in E = q + w

An acid/base reaction is one in which both the acid and base react to form water (H2O) and a salt (formed from the additional elements in the acid and the base)

Acids create a H+ ion when dissolved in water

Bases produce a OH- ion when dissolved in water

Strong Acids (fully dissociate in water)

-Hydrochloric acid (HCL)

-Hydrobromic acid (HBr)

-Hydroiodic acid (HI)

-Nitric acid (HNO3)

-Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

-Perchloric acid (HClO4)

Strong Bases (fully dissociate in water)

-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

-Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

-Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

-Strontium Hydroxide [Sr(OH)2]

-Barium Hydroxide [Ba(OH)2]

--Density= Mass/Volume

--Temp Conversion:

Celsius to Fahrenheit

(Temp in C)= 5/9((Temp in F)- 32)

Fahrenheit to Celsius

(Temp in F)= 9/5(Temp in C) + 32

--How to find # of Neutrons in an Atom

N= A -Z

n: # of neutrons

A: Mass #

Z: Atomic #

--How to find Molar Mass

MM =∑(atomic Masses)

MM: Molar Mass

∑: Sum