Post WWI Europe and America
Post WWI
World War I had a negative
impact in Europe because it caused the death of almost 10 million people.
These deaths were called the lost generation because nearly an entire
generation of young men was wiped out it only a few short years. Since a
lot of these deaths were French, France wanted to take revenge on Germany
by making them pay reparations. The countries that signed the Treaty of
Versailles decided that 35 billion dollars would be enough to cover the
damages and that Germany would pay in yearly increments of 2.2 billion
dollars. Germany made the first payment, but failed to pay the following
year so France invaded Germany and took over mine that would allow them to
take their own money in precious metal from the mine. This hurt both
Germany and France because it led to more death. In Germany before the war
there was 4 marks to one dollar and at the end it was 4.2 trillion marks
to one dollar. This meant that it would take barrels of money to pay for a
single loaf of bread. All over Europe there was poverty and starvation.
The Great Depression affected
almost every country in Europe, but it had the worst effect on the United
States. In America over 10 million Americans were out of a job. President
Hoover tried to solve this crisis by giving over 2.5 million Americans
jobs as construction workers on government buildings. A lot of other
countries tried to help their economy with stimulus packages such as those
used by the United States. In America the Great Depression was ended
Franklin D. Roosevelt who served four terms in office. He ended the
depression with the New Deal. The new deal was a stimulus package that
gave permanent jobs to millions of Americans. These jobs included
construction workers, and other government employees. The New Deal also
created social security which would give retired Americans money each
month. The New Deal also created Welfare and other unemployment benefits.
There was a retreat from
democracy in Europe after World War I because democracy was blamed for the
war. People feared that if they had a say in government they would vote
for the wrong choice and therefore wanted one leader to make their
decisions. This led to a new political movement called totalitarianism
which is similar to absolutism, but with more power given to the leaders.
The leader of a totalitarian state decide where the people work, what
religion they practice, where they live, what they eat, and every other
aspect of the lives of their people. Totalitarian leaders gain and keep
power with a combination of fear tactics, propaganda, and convincing their
people that their lives are better with them as leaders. Three main
totalitarian leaders were Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini who ruled Germany,
Russia, and Italy respectively. Hitler used Nazism to gain power in
Germany, Mussolini used Fascism to gain power in Italy, and Stalin used
Communism to gain power in Russia.
New technology led to mass
culture and mass media in the interwar years. The first piece of
technology was the radio which was made possible by the discovery of
wireless airwaves by Marconi in the late nineteenth century, although the
first transmission to a large audience was no until 1920. This new
technology allowed for masses of people to listen to the same thing at the
same time, and by the 1930s millions of radios had been sold to citizens
of all countries. Another new technology was the invention of cinema which
allowed people to watch movies, but also to have a favorite actor or
actress by which to adore or scrutinize. These new form of mass media
allowed people such as Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin to talk to masses of
people and spread their propaganda to the masses.