Bullying: A Look at the Participants in a Bullying Event

Psychologists define bullying as “a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort.” The injury can be physical, verbal or emotional, and includes cyber-bullying. As in any other form of assault, the victim typically does not provoke or cause the attack, although there is a small sub-group of victims, known as victim-bullies, who do elicit strong negative reactions from others. Bullying events are not peer conflicts, because of an imbalance of power. Conflict resolution procedures or groups with victims and bullies are not appropriate responses to bullying events.

We usually think of bullying as involving only the victim and the bully, but studies about bullying reveal that there are far more participants in a bullying event. There are those who actively participate with the bully in the bullying behaviors. There are some who support the bully or who like bullying, but do not actively participate in a particular bullying event. There are some who watch a bullying event without participating, but without taking a stand against it either. Some dislike bullying and want to stop it, but don't. Finally, there are some who dislike bullying and who do make an effort to stop the bullying or help the victim. Bullying interventions can be aimed at letting "innocent bystanders" recognize that their passive participation in the events enable bullying to continue, and that taking appropriate action can help foster an environment that does not allow bullying to flourish.

• Victim-bullies, a small sub-group of victims, engage in bullying as both victims and bullies, more often than their peers.

• Boys clearly bully others more than girls.

• 50% of girls report being bullied by boys

• While bullying is a greater problem with boys, it is a problem with girls as well.

• Boys tend to be more physical and overt.

• Girls typically use more subtle forms of bullying

• Covert bullying can be as harmful and distressing as more direct and open attacks.

• Bullying by girls typically involves exclusion, shunning, spreading rumors, manipulating friendships, and ridicule.

• Girl bullying can also include physical forms of bullying.

• Verbal bullying is the most common type of bullying by both boys and girls.

• Girls are more likely than boys to use social exclusion.

• Witnesses to bullying are as harmed, or even more harmed by bullying than the bullies or victims themselves.

• Girls report seeing more bullying than boys.

• Witnessing bullying evokes memories of past bullying, a form of re-experiencing the event.

• Witnessing bullying evokes fears of being bullied (again) in the future.

• Witnessing bullying evokes guilt for not intervening or defending the victim.

Cautious, sensitive, quiet, withdrawn, shy

Anxious, insecure, unhappy, low self-esteem

Depressed and engage in suicidal ideation much more often than peers

Often do not have a single good friend and relate better to adults than peers.

(Boys tend to be physically weaker than their peers.)

Strong need for domination and control, and to get their own way

Impulsive and easily angered

Defiant and aggressive toward adults, including parents and teachers

Lack of empathy for victims

(Boys tend to be physically stronger than other boys.)

Reading and writing problems

ADHD characteristics (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder)

Frequently annoys or bothers others 

Torn, damaged or missing clothes, books or other belongings

Unexplained cuts, bruises and scratches

Few or no friends to spend time with

Avoid school or riding the bus.

Avoid walking to and from school, or taking longer routes than needed

Loss of interest in school or a sudden drop in grades

Complains of headaches, stomach aches and other physical ailments

Sad, moody, teary and depressed at home

Trouble sleeping and frequent bad dreams

Loss of appetite

Appears anxious

Low self esteem

Talk with your child. Tell them you’re concerned and would like to help. .

Ask some direct questions about bullying

Ask subtle questions about who their friends are, where they sit in school and on the bus.

Talk to the teacher about how your child interacts and behaves at school.

Talk to the guidance counselor and principal if needed for additional information.

If you learn that your child is being bullied, take action

If you don’t suspect your child is being bullied but he or she does show some warning signs, still discuss your concerns with a school counselor, as these may be signs of other serious problems.

In a feature article published by the American Psychological Association, "Bullying: What Parents, Teachers Can Do to Stop It," (2010) bullying expert Susan Swearer, Ph.D expresses a reluctance to “profile” a bully and maintains that, “If the conditions in the environment are supportive of bullying, then almost anyone can bully." She looks at the complex dynamics between bullying and victimization, and has identified that students who are bullied at home by siblings or relatives are more likely to bully at school. She points out that schools, families and communities that do not intervene and stop the bullying, are teaching students that they can get what they want by bullying. This response reinforces bullying behaviors, and allows bullying to progress into adulthood. She considers it critical to intervene during the school years.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Bullying: What parents, teachers can do to stop it. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/bullying.aspx

Americal Psychological Association>Topics>Bullying: http://apa.org/topics/bullying/index.aspx