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Middle Kingdom of Egypt
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2nd Century Rome
While it lasted, the era of peace and prosperity under the good emperors brought to the world blessings that have never been wholly lost or forgotten. There was no serious threat or invasion from without or of revolution from within. For three...
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Viking History
The Vikings were seafaring raiders from Scandinavia during the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, the period known as the Viking Age. They are also called Northmen or Norsemen.
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Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes, Athenian statesman, son of the Alcmaeonid Megacles and Agariste; he was named after his maternal grandfather, the Sicyonian tyrant. After the expulsion of the Pisistratids (510), finding that he could make no headway against his political rivals, Cleisthenes won over the people by...
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The Franks
The Franks were a Germanic people that occupied Gaul during the fall of the Roman Empire and established the most important of the kingdoms that replaced the Roman government. The settlement of the Franks in Gaul marked the beginning of modem...
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Parthian Empire
The Persian Empire was destroyed by Alexander the Great but from about 250 BC his Greek successors were gradually replaced by a new Iranian people, the Parthians, who re-established an Oriental empire over Mesopotamia extending to the Euphrates.
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Cleopatra
Cleopatra was the throne name of a number of Macedonian queens of ancient Egypt, the most famous of whom was Cleopatra VII Philopator. Although she ruled in Alexandria, she was part Macedonian; part Greek and Iranian.
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Marcus Junius Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (85 - 42 B.C.) was a Roman statesman and scholar. He has been idealized and immortalized by Shakespeare in Julius Caesar, but his real character remains strangely paradoxical. Cicero was among his teachers and warmest admirers....
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Roman General - Germanicus Caesar
Germanicus Caesar (15 B.C. - 19 A.D.), was one of the leading members of the family of the Roman Emperor Augustus. Nero Claudius Germanicus was the son of Nero Claudius Drusus, Augustus' stepson, and he married Agrippina Major (the Elder), Augustus'...
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Mark Antony
Mark Antony (82-30 B.C.) was a Roman triumvir and general. The Latin form of his name is Marcus Antonius. Because of his relationship with Cleopatra, his life has been romanticized by ancient biographers, by Shakespeare, and frequently by modern...
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Roman Poet - Catullus
Gaius Valerius Catullus (84 B.C. to 54 B.C.), Roman poet, whose love lyrics served as models for later European poets. There is little certain knowledge of his life. According to ancient sources, he was born in 87 b.c. and died at the age of 30; one...
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Carthage
Carthage was an ancient city in North Africa in the vicinity of modern Tunis. It was founded before 800 B.C. by Phoenician colonists from Tyre. According to legend the city was founded by Dido, who ruled as its first queen. Carthage nourished for...
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Pericles
One of the greatest Athenian statesman. Pericles won prominence as a leader of the democratic part in the city, and virtually controlled Athens in its golden age from 460 to 430 BC. He owed much of his success to his mastery of oratory. Pericles had the Parthenon built and cultivated the arts. He...
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The Rise of Ancient Greece
The earliest inhabitants of Greece were probably Mousterian hunter-gatherers who roamed the region during the Middle Palaeolithic period. By 4000 BC, Neolithic villages were established in most fertile lowland regions.
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Homer
Homer ancient Greek epic poet. Traditionally said to be the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Lived probably before 700 B.C. Homer is the earliest known poet in European literature. His Iliad and Odyssey are among the greatest masterpieces ever...
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Virgil
Virgil was a Roman poet. Born Publius Vergilius Maro, at Andes (now Pietole), Italy, October 15, 70 B.C. Died Brundisium (now Brindisi), Italy, September 20, 19 B.C. Virgil was the great national poet of ancient Rome. His most famous work, the epic...